Information for hardware components used on the A4 sim, both in use and trialed for proof of concept.

• Arduino Nano V3 Micro Controller
• Arduino Mega 2560 Microcontroller

Need to be able to output analog voltages to drive steam gauges. So will convert from a value like 3200 feet from the X-Plane simulator, to a voltage like 2.92 V, which will drive the gauge.

Additionally, for higher-current, in addition to the DAC output, some connections will need a higher output. This will likely require higher current Op-Amps.

https://www.adafruit.com/product/935 (DAC Chip breakout board)

MCP4728 Data Sheet (Quad DAC)

The Raspberry Pi has two outputs which are I2C, sort of like USB. In order to drive the high quantity of analog outputs, a multiplexing scheme will need to be developed, both in hardware and in software. This is because each device must have a unique address.

Going to implement this multiplexer, because getting too much electrical interference with even 3 I2C devices with 3 foot cables. DroneBotWorkshop says that using a multiplexer cuts down the interference by isolating devices on a separate I2C bus.

See https://learn.adafruit.com/adafruit-tca9548a-1-to-8-i2c-multiplexer-breakout which uses PCA9548A.

Note that PCA9548A and TCA9548A are equivalent, but TCA has extended power tolerances and improved power-on reset function.

[2/22/2020]

Purchased 3-pack of 8×8 LED modules (all red) with embedded HT16K33 multiplexer. Problem is, the code for this is from an Arduino, and the Arduino must be a Master, which won't work when the Raspberry Pi is the Master.

• More HT16K33 LED Module
• HT16K33 Explanation and Example - Unclear, but the example works from Arduino

Changed code that runs on Raspberry Pi to drive the HT16K33. Arduino not required for this. It does work, but could use some improvement, where it draws lines more than just a dot for the aileron/elevator intersection. Implemented by adding horizontal and vertical lines, with dimmed LEDs, but they flicker terribly at the slow testing speed.

• 28BYJ-48 Stepper Motor

• ULN2003 Driver Board

Includes plastic touch pen.

Because this display uses pin A4, and so does I2C, I'm concerned that this won't work with my I2C bus system. Ordering Arduino Mega 2560 clone, which uses different pins for I2C. [2/8/2020]

• ILI9341 TFT Data Sheet

No fonts internally, create fonts with software.

Had to use “SSD1306_SWITCHCAPVCC” and 0x3C with Adafruit drivers to get it to work.

Pixel values are either 1 or 0. The screen is made up of 8 rows of “pages” that are each 8 pixels high, giving a total of 64 rows of pixels. There are 2 seconds of pages on the screen. The top section contains 2 pages of yellow (value 1) or black (value 0). The bottom section contains 6 pages that are blue (value 1) or black (value 0). There is a black horizontal line that separates the top 2 pages from the 6 bottom pages.

u602602.pdf

Data Sheet: https://www.uctronics.com/download/Amazon/U602602.pdf

I use my special version of Adafruit's driver, modified to use SoftI2C (not Wire) so that I can have an alternate I2C bus.

Purchased from Amazon, package of 5.

pec11.pdf

The middle pin of the 3 pins is common, and the 2 pins are a Normally Open push button.

Had to use Arduino RotaryEncoder 1.3 which uses interrupts, so connects to A2 and A3.

• http://www.mathertel.de/Arduino/RotaryEncoderLibrary.aspx
• Using example “InterruptRotator.ino”. Code is hard to follow but works.

[4/21/2020]

• OLED Module 12864 128x64 White

Uses SSD1306 driver.

I use my special version of Adafruit's driver, modified to use SoftI2C (not Wire) so that I can have an alternate I2C bus.

Amazon Title: MakerFocus 2pcs I2C OLED Display Module 0.91 Inch I2C SSD1306 OLED Display Module Blue I2C OLED Screen Driver DC 3.3V~5V for Arduino

• LED Module User Manual/Datasheet

Purchased from Amazon, 5/2020, noticing that purchasing directly from Waveshare directly may have saved about $5.

After getting this working on the Raspberry Pi 4B, I figured out I can't use it, because it uses the GPIO pins I need to use for the Rotary Encoder. Instead, was able to use a LCD HDMI display.

7/4/2020

Trying to use Raspberry Pi Zero W as the back computer for the Garmin G5. Was successful porting the code from the X-Plane A4 cockpit to run instead on the Raspberry Pi 4. When it is running, it shows up to about 280% CPU utilization, with a minimum of 100% (probably from UDP Listener threads).

Although the Raspberry Pi Zero W was working fine out of the box (in a kit), I lost the ability to SSH to it. So I'm reinstalling a Raspberry Pi OS on it, and starting over. Then I need to copy the code that was running on the 4B and compile. Let's see how far I get. 7/4/2020

• Turn on SSH
• Set up area under /home/pi/projects/XPlaneGarminG5Pi
• git clone ssh://git@stopstogo.com/home/git/XPlaneGarminG5Pi

Tried doing a Make from within Geany. Getting this error:

IconContainer.cpp:1:10: fatal error: GL/freeglut.h: No such file or directory
 #include <GL/freeglut.h>

Installing freeglut:

sudo apt-get install freeglut3-dev

Compiled.

Was able to actually run the Garmin G5 on the Raspberry Pi Zero W. But it was running at about 1 frame per second. Investigating whether writing to FrameBuffer, bypassing OpenGL is feasible.

xrefresh -d :0

Bought a small HDMI screen to use with the Raspberry Pi 4. It comes with short HDMI-to-HDMI cables, but it is also not very useful, because it uses some of the GPIO pins as well. I need the GPIO pins for the Rotary Encoder.

b0106.pdf

12/16/2020

HiLetgo 10pcs KW12-3 Roller Lever Arm Micro Limit Switch Normally Open Close Limit Switch Black

• 3D Model: https://thingiverse.com/thing:3382071

I haven't been working with Arduinos for a while. Recently set up MSFS 2020 with PMDG 737 and decided that controlling thrust and thrust reversers better than the default, or using my X52 was worth pursuing.

I know that there are 3 kinds of Arduinos which appear to Windows as a Joystick:

• Arduino Leonardo
• Arduino Micro
• Arduino Micro Pro

It appears I purchased an Arduino Leonardo (which easier-to use pins), and a 3-pack of Arduino Micro Pro compatibles, both in 6/2021.

Rasperry Pi's require 3.3 V. To convert between 5V components, there is an IC which allows interfacing either up or down.